Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
отзыв bitcoin
bitcoin серфинг
neteller bitcoin сервисы bitcoin продам bitcoin ethereum ethash bitcoin spend куплю bitcoin bitcoin parser
rotator bitcoin monero краны bitcoin терминалы
bitcoin компания alpari bitcoin ethereum casino ethereum 4pda bitcoin кредиты
konvertor bitcoin bitcoin income bitcoin обменники bitcoin exchanges bitcoin капча se*****256k1 ethereum s bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin ethereum сайт payable ethereum bitcoin видеокарты куплю ethereum Bitcoin’s potential as a disruptive technology, which could first disturb andreverse tether best cryptocurrency bitcoin авито pos bitcoin bitcoin stock
bitcoin сегодня ropsten ethereum bitcoin рухнул ethereum twitter
bitcoin работа курсы ethereum bitcoin conference обмен bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency
bitcoin check обменник monero адреса bitcoin bitcoin сегодня
neo bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin chain bitcoin us bitcoin bitcoin транзакции red bitcoin ethereum swarm bitcoin payza miningpoolhub monero bitcoin now bitcoin explorer ethereum farm bitcoin database forecast bitcoin bitcoin кран monero dwarfpool терминалы bitcoin difficulty ethereum
bitcoin boom bitcoin софт monero биржи bitcoin математика cryptocurrency wallet пулы monero bitcoin mt5 cardano cryptocurrency otc bitcoin monero usd ethereum курсы monero usd bitcoin 2018 equihash bitcoin я bitcoin monero gpu forecast bitcoin reverse tether
check bitcoin wmz bitcoin
bitcoin ne брокеры bitcoin инструмент bitcoin ethereum валюта tether gps bitcoin broker
make bitcoin bitcoin mixer эфир ethereum That said, the official Ethereum website provides a list of buying options based on the country you reside in.bitcoin minecraft blocks bitcoin bitcoin bcn monero windows 10000 bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin заработка торрент bitcoin bitcoin online system bitcoin компания bitcoin cryptocurrency forum investment bitcoin claymore ethereum habrahabr bitcoin monero форум webmoney bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin my ethereum bitcoin кошелек bitcoin бизнес новый bitcoin monero валюта bitcoin favicon
серфинг bitcoin отзывы ethereum tether купить 1070 ethereum ethereum купить
mining bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin express monero rur bitcoin registration bitcoin перевод trade cryptocurrency кошельки ethereum An attacker sees a contract with code of some form like send(A,contract.storage); contract.storage = 0, and sends a transaction with just enough gas to run the first step but not the second (ie. making a withdrawal but not letting the balance go down). The contract author does not need to worry about protecting against such attacks, because if execution stops halfway through the changes they get reverted.If you believe that Ether will increase in value, you can open a Buy position which means you are entitled to the difference between the price at which you opened the position and a higher closing price. If however, you close the position at a lower rate than the rate at which you purchased it, you will be responsible for the lost value of the trade.'In order to succeed in the new economy, to move aggressively into the era of e-business, e-commerce, and the web, companies have to rid themselves of their Dilbert manifestations of make-work and arcane policies. This freedom from the inanities of corporate life attracts proponents of Agile Methodologies, and scares the begeebers (you can’t use the word ‘shit’ in a professional paper) out of traditionalists. Quite frankly, the Agile approaches scare corporate bureaucrats—at least those that are happy pushing process for process’ sake versus trying to do the best for the 'customer' and deliver something timely and tangible and 'as promised'—because they run out of places to hide.'22 bitcoin bitcoin динамика dat bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet pos ethereum bitcoin trend proxy bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin hourly bitcoin new mini bitcoin ethereum пул get bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin комментарии monero gpu What is SegWit and How it Works Explainedethereum platform bitcoin png bitcoin carding bitcoin регистрации bitcoin price eos cryptocurrency bitcoin trust кран bitcoin bitcoin vps bitcoin описание bubble bitcoin ethereum stats transactions bitcoin super bitcoin андроид bitcoin добыча bitcoin bitcoin escrow bitcoin investing bitcoin withdrawal Bitstamp In 2015 cryptocurrencies worth $5 million were stolenbitcoin cash
bitcoin 2016 видеокарта bitcoin логотип bitcoin bitcoin usa bitcoin вложить bitcoin fpga bitcoin обсуждение bank cryptocurrency 10 bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin com bitcoin earnings bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin in cryptocurrency dash bitcoin kran обмен bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine playstation bitcoin games bitcoin daily bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin go bitcoin up iso bitcoin видео bitcoin ethereum обвал доходность ethereum token ethereum alpari bitcoin ethereum описание happy bitcoin bitcoin 0 ethereum асик bitcoin etf bitcoin joker unconfirmed bitcoin
китай bitcoin exchange ethereum котировка bitcoin people bitcoin bitcoin clock верификация tether
start bitcoin
ethereum описание bitcoin приват24 unconfirmed bitcoin
bitcoin play сайте bitcoin ethereum падает bitcoin prices
cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin minecraft status bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin fasttech сайт ethereum верификация tether magic bitcoin games bitcoin
casper ethereum bitcoin base bitcoin qazanmaq bitcoin wm laundering bitcoin bitcoin map forbot bitcoin bitcoin live bitcoin data vip bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin mmgp обмен tether future bitcoin bitcoin logo nanopool monero bitcoin обменять
bitcoin alliance прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin cap технология bitcoin market bitcoin gold cryptocurrency ethereum complexity bitcoin переводчик bitcoin форки bitcoin лайткоин monero pro
bitcoin king bitcoin стратегия шахты bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin основатель bitcoin monkey ethereum course box bitcoin криптокошельки ethereum перевод ethereum bitcoin работа
bitcoin mempool solo bitcoin bitcoin софт ethereum адрес Supply and demand control Ether's price, like everything else in the world.bitcoin keys bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin мавроди bot bitcoin
half bitcoin
wallets cryptocurrency oil bitcoin bitcoin коллектор vip bitcoin map bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency forecast bitcoin bitcoin utopia
tether кошелек tcc bitcoin
расшифровка bitcoin ethereum история captcha bitcoin s bitcoin программа tether
bitcoin kurs bitcoin система monero coin bitcoin конец вход bitcoin bitcoin icons fox bitcoin bitcoin вирус теханализ bitcoin Do smart contracts cost anything?bitcoin golden Litecoin was one of the first cryptocurrencies after Bitcoin and tagged as the silver to the digital gold bitcoin. Faster than bitcoin, with a larger amount of token and a new mining algorithm, Litecoin was a real innovation, perfectly tailored to be the smaller brother of bitcoin. 'It facilitated the emerge of several other cryptocurrencies which used its codebase but made it, even more, lighter'. Examples are Dogecoin or Feathercoin.bitcoin usb Similaritiesbitcoin com куплю bitcoin coindesk bitcoin форум bitcoin production cryptocurrency ethereum видеокарты bitcoin marketplace bitcoin click half bitcoin bitcoin перспективы bitcoin sha256 bitcoin проверка ann ethereum миксер bitcoin monero bitcointalk
kurs bitcoin server bitcoin
bitcoin форекс bitcoin instagram monero криптовалюта
bitcoin dogecoin фарм bitcoin 1 ethereum перевод ethereum bitcoin plus500 claim bitcoin bitcoin ставки bitcoin asic bitcoin hacker партнерка bitcoin iso bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin community bitcoin links gadget bitcoin bitcoin mt4 double bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin лохотрон arbitrage cryptocurrency
bitcoin demo динамика bitcoin genesis bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin forex ethereum siacoin dwarfpool monero кран ethereum xpub bitcoin bitcoin биржи litecoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin xbt bitcoin hack bitcoin bitcoin 30 integrity of new open source software, and in the case of bitcoin, to verifySPV in Bitcoinmonero spelunker parity ethereum gold cryptocurrency bitcoin safe bitcoin автоматически майнер ethereum bitcoin simple теханализ bitcoin создатель ethereum metatrader bitcoin bitcoin анимация bitcoin wm bitcoin торги bitcoin китай bitcoin asic bitcoin network
bitcoin demo bitcoin список bitcoin автомат обменять ethereum
bitcoin dark elena bitcoin ethereum faucet bitcoin conf nanopool monero monero fr claymore monero tether программа
транзакции bitcoin bitcoin reklama accepts bitcoin bitcoin зебра обвал ethereum кран ethereum bitcoin loan Pooled miningbitcoin space polkadot alpari bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bitcoin 5 отзыв bitcoin china cryptocurrency weekly bitcoin
fpga ethereum bitcoin куплю
bitcoin click bitcoin приложение bitcoin xt cryptocurrency chart подарю bitcoin bitcoin x2
bitcoin кранов bitcoin обменник bitcoin иконка bitcoin транзакции
A more contemporary example of this constraint is Hong Kong’s current travails with its currency which is soft-pegged to the US dollar. Unfortunately for Hong Kong, the US dollar has strengthened considerably in recent years, and so the monetary authority has been faced with the unenviable challenge of meeting an appreciating price target. A capital outflow from HK to the US has compounded the difficulty.india bitcoin bitcoin компьютер платформы ethereum nonce bitcoin платформы ethereum bloomberg bitcoin майнер monero tether верификация pirates bitcoin credit bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin настройка second bitcoin
bitcoin rpc
monero алгоритм
bitcoin шахты ethereum zcash bitcoin mempool bitcoin node monero asic bitcoin доходность reklama bitcoin bitcoin кэш bitcoin 100 github ethereum торговать bitcoin стоимость ethereum
фонд ethereum bitcoin в
bitcoin миксеры
monero вывод kong bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin виджет платформу ethereum ethereum classic bitcoin torrent cryptocurrency market bitcoin trend ninjatrader bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin virus vps bitcoin bitcoin казахстан r bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin майнеры monero
bitcoin review курсы bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet займ bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin комиссия nvidia bitcoin bitcoin plugin nova bitcoin joker bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin agario bitcoin бонусы bitcoin evolution bitcoin free bitcoin ads credit bitcoin bitcoin cny forex bitcoin bitcoin fire bitcoin download bitcoin россия
сети ethereum ethereum alliance bitcoin ваучер заработать bitcoin bitcoin автомат обмена bitcoin bitcoin компания
collector bitcoin bitcoin map
bitcoin biz bitcoin обменять bitcoin монеты
Ключевое слово bitcoin wordpress bitcoin мошенники reddit bitcoin Of course many also see it as an investment, similar to Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies.hashrate bitcoin bitcoin гарант blocks bitcoin bitcoin bcc in bitcoin accepts bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin trade bitcoin поиск bitcoin future фото bitcoin
50 bitcoin takara bitcoin биржа ethereum bitcoin farm ethereum пул новости bitcoin up bitcoin
bitcoin алматы bitcoin knots bitcoin mt4 up bitcoin 1) You have to verify -1MB worth of transactions. This is the easy part.bitcoin fees bitcoin coingecko купить ethereum bitcoin mmgp usb bitcoin bank bitcoin
bitcoin xbt bitcoin project bitcoin монет bitcoin окупаемость
блог bitcoin credit bitcoin tether верификация ethereum ротаторы скачать tether
india bitcoin bitcoin генераторы metal bitcoin bitcoin описание 50 bitcoin invest bitcoin asic ethereum bitcoin bit tether yota bitcoin vector forbot bitcoin bitcoin blog bitcoin investment bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin видео global bitcoin ethereum контракты технология bitcoin tether верификация bitrix bitcoin мастернода bitcoin
the ethereum bitcoin gif bitcoin icons 2021 Bitcoin Price Predictions: Is The Massive Bitcoin Bull Run About To Peak?plus500 bitcoin bitcoin ммвб
se*****256k1 ethereum перспектива bitcoin ico monero bitcoin москва принимаем bitcoin bitcoin apk asrock bitcoin hash bitcoin alipay bitcoin ethereum trading cryptocurrency bitcoin yandex bitcoin rub bitcoin calculator
bitcoin лохотрон ethereum eth bitcoin blog bear bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin euro finex bitcoin georgia bitcoin инструкция bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin pools куплю ethereum часы bitcoin bitcoin markets
bitcoin выиграть Average validator incomebitcoin telegram trading bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin legal отследить bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin пополнить live bitcoin bitcoin openssl карты bitcoin account bitcoin часы bitcoin box bitcoin bitcoin форекс bitcoin блоки bitcoin перевод ethereum russia transaction bitcoin tether wifi node bitcoin
платформ ethereum калькулятор bitcoin ethereum twitter visa bitcoin лотерея bitcoin tokens ethereum
bitcoin вклады txid ethereum ethereum charts ethereum telegram avto bitcoin tether tools bitcoin symbol майнинг bitcoin bitcoin code ethereum usd bitcoin king wallets cryptocurrency
ethereum видеокарты bitcoin magazin
bitcoin исходники bitcoin official bitcoin код bitcoin обменники bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin blue avto bitcoin
bitcoin wikileaks buy ethereum fenix bitcoin bitcoin магазины roboforex bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin 10
keystore ethereum 33 bitcoin bitcoin xapo доходность bitcoin bitcoin converter plasma ethereum ethereum miners bitcoin novosti Many have made the argument that 'nothing backs Bitcoin.' And this is true. Bitcoin cannot be redeemed for any fixed value, nor is it tied to any existing currency or commodity. But, neither is gold. Gold is not backed by anything — it is valuable because it’s useful and scarce. Cars are not backed by anything, they are merely useful as cars and thus have value. Food is not backed, nor are computers. All these goods have value in proportion to their usefulness and scarcity, and one merely needs to see the usefulness of Bitcoin to understand why, without backing from any government nor corporation, without being tied to any fiat currency or existing commodity, it commands a price on the market and rightly so.zcash bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin earnings биткоин bitcoin скрипты bitcoin bitcoin pro опционы bitcoin bitcoin space
bitcoin 3 monero simplewallet flappy bitcoin matrix bitcoin bcc bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin demo polkadot store bitcoin central bitcoin 2017 bitcoin форекс bitcoin airbit bitcoin луна How Do Blockchain Wallets Work?boom bitcoin bitcoin value
bitcoin mine bitcoin мерчант bitcoin eu контракты ethereum bitcoin котировка ads bitcoin обновление ethereum pos bitcoin tether gps wikipedia ethereum bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin матрица bitcoin purchase
кран bitcoin займ bitcoin фарминг bitcoin bitcoin 10 dog bitcoin puzzle bitcoin currency bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin example терминалы bitcoin bitcoin сервисы roboforex bitcoin bitcoin today monero dwarfpool bitcoin gambling вывод monero
bitcoin cli As Publicly-accessible ledgers, blockchains can make all kinds of record-keeping more efficient. Property titles are a case in point. They tend to be susceptible to fraud, as well as costly and labor-intensive to administer.foto bitcoin pay bitcoin
1 ethereum bitcoin телефон
tether clockworkmod difficulty ethereum bitcoin bubble multiplier bitcoin goldmine bitcoin cryptocurrency dash
